1) The German Reformation: Lutheranism
The German Reformation is associated with Martin Luther. Lutheran Reformation was initially an academic movement, which was introduced by Luther and his colleagues wanting to reform the teaching of theology at University of Wittenberg. The widespread attention was received when Martin Luther started posting the famous "Ninety-five Theses" protesting against selling indulgences to raise money for the rebuilding of St. Peter's basilica in Rome. This move by Luther attracted considerable interest in Wittenberg as the circulation reached the wider audience. This reformation really began powerfully in 1522 after Luther's return to Wittenberg after he was condemned in 1521.
2) The Swiss Reformation: the Reformed church
The Swiss Reformation which brought into existence the Reformed churches mainly owes its origins to a series of attempts to reform the morals and worship of the church according to a more biblical pattern. John Calvin gave this style of Reformation its definitive form, however its origins are to be traced back to earlier reformers such as Huldrych Zwingli and Heinrich Bullinger. Earlier it was thought that the term "Calvinism is often referred to the religious ideas of the Reformed church; however this idea is now generally discouraged. It is now presently agreed that Calvin's ideas were modified subtly by his successors. Currently the term "Reformed" is now preferred, whether to refer to those churches mainly in Switzerland, the Low Countries and Germany or religious thinkers (such as Theodore Beza, William Perkins and John Owen) that based themselves upon Calvin's celebrated religious textbook, The Institutes of the Christian Religion or church documents (such as the influential Heidelberg Catechism of 1563) based upon it.
3) The radical Reformation: Anabaptism
The Anabaptism literally means rebaptizer. And this refers to the most distinctive aspect of Anabaptist practice, that is the insistence that only those who had made a personal, public profession of faith should be baptized. This is the radical Reformation in the aftermath of Zwingli's reforms within Zurich in the early 1520. Firstly, Conrad Grebel argued that Zwingli preached one thing and practiced another. Even though Zwingli professed one must be faithful to the theological principle "by Scripture alone", Grebel argued that Zwingli retained a number of practices such as infant baptism, the close link between church and magistracy and the participation of Christians in warfare - which were neither permitted nor demanded by Scripture. However, there are number of common elements which are differentiated within the various strands of Anabaptist movement. That is general distrust of external authority, the rejection of infant baptism in favor of the baptism of adult believers, the common ownership of property and an emphasis upon pacifism and nonresistance.
St Gallen and the governments accused Anabaptists of believing that no true Christian can either give or receive interest or income on a sum of capital; that all temporal goods are free and common, and that all can have full property rights to them. It is for this reason that Anabaptism is often referred to as the "left wing of Reformation" by Roland H.Bainton or the "radical Reformation" by George Hunston Willimas.
4) The English Reformation: Anglicanism
Anglicanism is a tradition within Christianity comprising the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or have similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures. Anglicanism forms one of the branches of Western Christianity; having definitively declared its independence from the Pope at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. The English reformation's leading force was Henry VIII. Henry wanted a male heir to the throne, however his marriage with Catherine of Aragon yielded only a female child. Hence Henry wanted to dissolve his marriage with his wife for chance of remarriage. However, pope refused to annul the marriage. This resulted in Henry wanting to free himself from papal authority. This lead to the formation of the English reformation as creation of English church was part of his vision. Henry was not particularly interested in matters of doctrine or theology, preferring to concentrate upon the practicalities of religious and political power.
The real wave of change started to occur after the death of his Edward VI, who was more guided into Protestant form of worship. His step sister Mary Tudor who reigned after him was more focused on Catholic beliefs. However, the major change took place when Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister to the throne. Elizabeth pursued a complex policy, which was aimed at appeasing both Protestants and Catholics, while allowing the queen to have supreme authority in matters of religion. What is usually referred to as "Elizabeth Settlement" established the national English church as a reformed Episcopal church, having broadly Protestant articles of faith with a more Catholic liturgy.
5) The Catholic Reformation
The Catholic Reformation, is the movement was a reformation of the Catholic church, as much as it was a reaction against the Protestant Reformation. And the term is often used to refer to the revival within Catholicism in the period following the opening of the Council of Trent in 1545. This was basically a counter-reformation as the Catholic church developed as a means of combating the Protestant Reformation, in order to limit its influence. The reforms took place in relation to the conduct of the clergy, ecclesiastical discipline, religious education and missionary activity. Many older religious orders were reformed and new orders such as Jesuits were established.
6) The Second Reformation: Confessionalization
The Second Reformation mostly attempted to sum up the insights and achievements of the initial phase of Protestantism. The insights of the reformers were codified and consolidated throught the development of a series of systematic presentations of Christian theology. This process is often referred to as "confessionalization", meaning the emergence of forms of Christianity which defined themselves with reference to "Confessions of Faith", such as the Augsburg Confession (1530).
The German Reformation is associated with Martin Luther. Lutheran Reformation was initially an academic movement, which was introduced by Luther and his colleagues wanting to reform the teaching of theology at University of Wittenberg. The widespread attention was received when Martin Luther started posting the famous "Ninety-five Theses" protesting against selling indulgences to raise money for the rebuilding of St. Peter's basilica in Rome. This move by Luther attracted considerable interest in Wittenberg as the circulation reached the wider audience. This reformation really began powerfully in 1522 after Luther's return to Wittenberg after he was condemned in 1521.
2) The Swiss Reformation: the Reformed church
The Swiss Reformation which brought into existence the Reformed churches mainly owes its origins to a series of attempts to reform the morals and worship of the church according to a more biblical pattern. John Calvin gave this style of Reformation its definitive form, however its origins are to be traced back to earlier reformers such as Huldrych Zwingli and Heinrich Bullinger. Earlier it was thought that the term "Calvinism is often referred to the religious ideas of the Reformed church; however this idea is now generally discouraged. It is now presently agreed that Calvin's ideas were modified subtly by his successors. Currently the term "Reformed" is now preferred, whether to refer to those churches mainly in Switzerland, the Low Countries and Germany or religious thinkers (such as Theodore Beza, William Perkins and John Owen) that based themselves upon Calvin's celebrated religious textbook, The Institutes of the Christian Religion or church documents (such as the influential Heidelberg Catechism of 1563) based upon it.
3) The radical Reformation: Anabaptism
The Anabaptism literally means rebaptizer. And this refers to the most distinctive aspect of Anabaptist practice, that is the insistence that only those who had made a personal, public profession of faith should be baptized. This is the radical Reformation in the aftermath of Zwingli's reforms within Zurich in the early 1520. Firstly, Conrad Grebel argued that Zwingli preached one thing and practiced another. Even though Zwingli professed one must be faithful to the theological principle "by Scripture alone", Grebel argued that Zwingli retained a number of practices such as infant baptism, the close link between church and magistracy and the participation of Christians in warfare - which were neither permitted nor demanded by Scripture. However, there are number of common elements which are differentiated within the various strands of Anabaptist movement. That is general distrust of external authority, the rejection of infant baptism in favor of the baptism of adult believers, the common ownership of property and an emphasis upon pacifism and nonresistance.
St Gallen and the governments accused Anabaptists of believing that no true Christian can either give or receive interest or income on a sum of capital; that all temporal goods are free and common, and that all can have full property rights to them. It is for this reason that Anabaptism is often referred to as the "left wing of Reformation" by Roland H.Bainton or the "radical Reformation" by George Hunston Willimas.
4) The English Reformation: Anglicanism
Anglicanism is a tradition within Christianity comprising the Church of England and churches which are historically tied to it or have similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures. Anglicanism forms one of the branches of Western Christianity; having definitively declared its independence from the Pope at the time of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. The English reformation's leading force was Henry VIII. Henry wanted a male heir to the throne, however his marriage with Catherine of Aragon yielded only a female child. Hence Henry wanted to dissolve his marriage with his wife for chance of remarriage. However, pope refused to annul the marriage. This resulted in Henry wanting to free himself from papal authority. This lead to the formation of the English reformation as creation of English church was part of his vision. Henry was not particularly interested in matters of doctrine or theology, preferring to concentrate upon the practicalities of religious and political power.
The real wave of change started to occur after the death of his Edward VI, who was more guided into Protestant form of worship. His step sister Mary Tudor who reigned after him was more focused on Catholic beliefs. However, the major change took place when Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister to the throne. Elizabeth pursued a complex policy, which was aimed at appeasing both Protestants and Catholics, while allowing the queen to have supreme authority in matters of religion. What is usually referred to as "Elizabeth Settlement" established the national English church as a reformed Episcopal church, having broadly Protestant articles of faith with a more Catholic liturgy.
5) The Catholic Reformation
The Catholic Reformation, is the movement was a reformation of the Catholic church, as much as it was a reaction against the Protestant Reformation. And the term is often used to refer to the revival within Catholicism in the period following the opening of the Council of Trent in 1545. This was basically a counter-reformation as the Catholic church developed as a means of combating the Protestant Reformation, in order to limit its influence. The reforms took place in relation to the conduct of the clergy, ecclesiastical discipline, religious education and missionary activity. Many older religious orders were reformed and new orders such as Jesuits were established.
6) The Second Reformation: Confessionalization
The Second Reformation mostly attempted to sum up the insights and achievements of the initial phase of Protestantism. The insights of the reformers were codified and consolidated throught the development of a series of systematic presentations of Christian theology. This process is often referred to as "confessionalization", meaning the emergence of forms of Christianity which defined themselves with reference to "Confessions of Faith", such as the Augsburg Confession (1530).
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